緒論:寫作既是個人情感的抒發,也是對學術真理的探索,歡迎閱讀由發表云整理的11篇商務英語的含義范文,希望它們能為您的寫作提供參考和啟發。
一、商務函電中語氣詞的使用
商務交際中,語氣的使用也是很重要的。語氣恰當,能使交際順利進行下去;不恰當的語氣,尤其是具有強迫命令式的語氣會引起對方的反感甚至憤怒,不利于溝通。例如:
a.We must refuse your offer.
b.We regret that we are unable to accept your offer.
對比上面的句子不難發現:a中的“must refuse”帶有脅迫的語調,改用b中的表達方式明顯客氣許多。在語氣方面其他的詞語如“want you to”、“disgust”等帶有傲慢的語氣,也要避免使用。
二、商務英語文體的表達風格
在商務英語中,體裁的多樣性是顯而易見的,最常見的文體有信函文體、廣告文體、商務公文文體等,各種文體都有各自不同的風格。
1.信函文體力求表達有效,語句較精煉。語句凝練精干和表達有效是指選詞簡明、語法正確、使用得體 而同一詞語在不同的語域里有不同的文體效果。如:We are in apposition to offer you 70 tons of pepper.(我們能向貴方報70噸胡椒粉),“offer”譯為“報盤或開盤”,有商務英語的語言特點而不同于其文學意義。Our order is subject to your acceptance….此句中“subject to”是“以…為條件”的意思。
2.實用文體中表現出“實用”特征非常明顯的文體是廣告文體,它其中的一個的特點是語言詞匯標新立異。例如:Dot economy這個詞由do和economy構成,用來描述網絡經濟,既簡潔又形象。
三、在商務英語函電中應注意的表達方式
1.商務函電中應注意語句表達明確、簡潔。為能使表達更明確、更簡潔,商務英語函電在實際的應用中已形成了固定的套語:商務英語函電最常見的首段首句的表達方式有:We thank for your letter of 10 september and confirm our cable of today's date.Which reads as follows….在英語翻譯時使用等值的英語翻譯。譯為:茲復貴方9月10日來信并確認我方今日發出的函電,內容如下…。商務函電結尾句英語表達的固定方式有:In accordance as your request,we send you here with a statement to your account which we hope you will find correct.譯為:茲按貴方要求奉上結算報告書一份,請查收。請求對方做某事的漢語句式為“請…將不勝感激”。
此外,商務英語函電常用句式有:It would be appreciated;We would appreciate等。如:It would be appreciated of you could quote your prices of CIFTianjin for computer.譯為請報天津公司的電腦到岸價,將不勝感謝。商務英語函電常用的結尾套語有:We are looking forward with interest to your reply.譯成“盼復”等常用套語。
2.多使用長句、復合句及并列復合句。商務英語具有精確性、邏輯性和嚴格性,這就決定了使用長難句較多。另外,商務合同由于本身的法律屬性,故多用長句、復合句、并列復合句等使其細節更突出,語句結構更嚴密,更能突出其法律效果。例如:The duration of patent right for utility models or exterior designs shall be 5 years,which shall be effective from the date of filling an application.譯為:使用新型和外觀設計專利權的期限為五年,自申請之日起計算。
3.多使用定語后置和被動語態商務英語以敘述某一過程為主,強調客觀準確。如果第一、第二人稱使用過多,會給人造成主觀臆斷的印象。因此,往往使用第三人稱敘述,采用被動語態。這樣句子的重點往往在于“做什么”和“怎么做”,動作的執行者處于“無關緊要”的地位。定語后置也是商務英語的特點之一。例如:…the case! in accordance with the relevant provisions.譯為:應當按照有關規定辦理;The goods are delivered according to the terms and conditions stipulated.譯為:貨物是按照所定的條款交付的。
四、結語
商務英語是對外商務交流活動的重要途徑之一。由于其特殊的文體、語言的專業性及特殊性,要求實踐者從詞義、句法和專業上去深刻理解原文的含義,使原文所傳達的信息與讀者所理解的信息保持一致,在商務英語中有重要意義。
參考文獻
[1]凌華倍,朱佩芬.外經貿英語函電與談判[M].北京:中國對外經濟貿易出版社,2001
中圖分類號:H319文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1671―1580(2015)10―0132―03
差比句是英漢語都存在的用來表示比較的重要句式。該句型用于對兩個人或事物之間的差別進行比較,其中常見勝過關系差比句more than結構在商務文本中使用頻率最高。英語句式“more+adj./adv+than”與中文“比”字句具有嚴格的一致性和對應性。因此,本文基于網絡商務信函語料庫,只對more than句式在商務英語信函中的應用和漢譯進行研究。通過此研究,希望能促進該句式翻譯的準確性和規范性,起到舉一反三的作用。
一、商務信函語料庫
商務信函在線檢索工具(Business Letter Corpus Online KWIC Concordancer)是由日本關西大學學者Yasumasa Someya于2000年1月創立的,目前可檢索的子語料庫有27個。最主要的商務信函語料庫包含1,020,060字符,語料來源為英國和美國商務信函,是目前為數不多的可免費使用的網絡專用語料庫之一。
二、 More than在商務信函語料庫中的應用
基于商務信函在線檢索工具,在商務信函語料庫中檢索more than句式,結果產生了287個句式。經統計,more than肯定句式在商務信函語料庫中的應用情況如表1所示。
從表1中可以看出,商務信函語料庫中句式“more than + 數詞”出現的頻率最高,占57.5%,在一定程度上反映了商務信函中有較多的相關數據分析和數量對比。其次出現頻率較高的句式是“more than + 形容詞”和“ more than + 名詞”,分別是13.2%和8.4%。同時,句式“more than + 副詞”和“more than + 介詞短語”出現的頻率較低,分別是0.7%和0.4% 。
此外,除了肯定形式外,more than的否定形式在語料庫中只有no more than和not more than,出現次數分別為12次和5次,占6.3%,如下表所示:
More than在商務信函語料庫中的否定句式
否定句式個數(271)比例(100%)no more thannot more than1256.3%三、 商務信函語料庫中more than句式的漢譯
根據more than句式在商務信函語料庫中的應用情況,其漢譯主要有以下幾種情況:
1.“More than + 數詞”句式
此種句式在商務信函語料庫中出現的頻率是最高的,占57.5%。more than通常與具體的數字連用,表示近似數值(或數量),意思為over,相當于漢
表1 more than在商務信函語料庫中的肯定句式
肯定句式個數(287)比例(100%)more than + 數詞16557.5%more than + 形容詞3813.2%more than + 名詞248.4%more than + 動詞165.6%more than + 代詞72.4%more than + 副詞20.7%more than + 介詞詞組10.4%more than + 從句258.7%詞組more than evermore than a littlemore than anything elsemore than once61113.1%
語里的“多于……”“……以上”,其反義詞是less than。例如:
If you need more than 1,000 PRODUCTs,We can set special terms.
如果你公司購買的數量多于1000件,我公司可以給予優惠條件。
此句式之前經常出現的介詞有for,of,by等,其中,for出現了28次,意思是“(數量、距離)達,計”。例如:
That’s how we’ve maintained our reputation for more than 82 years.
82年以來,我們一直通過這種方式維護著公司的信譽。
此外,數詞one與不定冠詞a,an都可表示“一”。“More than a +名詞”結構出現了13次,其中的名詞主要表示時間、重量、長度、面積等含義的名詞,不定冠詞后的名詞只能用單數形式,表示“一個單位多”。“More than one + 名詞”句式出現了10次,其中的名詞不限于表示時間、重量等幾類名詞,且名詞用單數形式。例如:
As settlement of this account is now more than a month overdue,We must ask you to send us your remittance within the next few day.
句中的“more than a month overdue”可譯為“過期未付超過一個月”。
2.“More than + 形容詞/副詞”句式
在商務英語語料庫中,“more than + 形容詞”句式出現了38次,出現頻率較高,而“more than + 副詞”句式僅出現了2次。More than后跟形容詞或副詞時,在語義上表示很高的程度,可譯成 “十分”“極其”等。其中,more than happy就出現了13次,還有more than enough,more than pleased,more than qualified,more than welcome,more than willing各出現了3次。例如:
If you have any further questions,We will be more than happy to answer them.
如果你方有任何其他問題,我們將非常樂意回復。
And Mr. Philip Jennings, the managing editor, will tell you I’ve been more than moderately successful.
此句中的“more than moderately successful”可譯為“非常成功”。
3.“More than + 名詞/代詞”句式
“more than + 名詞”句式出現了24次,“more than +代詞”句式出現了7次。More than 后接名詞或代詞表示“不只”“不僅僅”,也可引伸為 “超過”“遠不止”等。例如:
“Just do it”is more than the slogan of a popular brand of running shoe.
“想做就做”不僅僅是這款名牌跑鞋的宣傳口號。
No one deserved that VP title more than you.
你任命副總裁實至名歸。
4.“More than + 動詞”句式
More than后跟動詞或動詞不定式,一般可譯作“完全”“極大地”等。其中,more than后直接跟動詞出現了12次,后跟動詞不定式出現了4次。例如:
The drop in the federal statutory tax rate from 46 to 34 percent under the Act will more than offset the loss of these tax credits.
其中的“more than offset”可譯為“完全抵消”。
Nothing would have pleased me more than to spend an evening with you.
能與你共度一晚是我最欣喜的一件事。
5.“More than + 從句”句式
此句式共出現了25次,占索引行的8.7%。More than后跟從句可以分析為:more 是much或many的比較級,than引導一個比較狀語從句,意思是:“比……多”“甚于”。例如:
The bottom line is that the project and all its components just cost more than we had budgeted for it.
項目及其組成最終的費用超過了我們原來的預算。
此外,more than 后接的從句如果包括can/could,可以譯作“不能”“不是”等,表否定,相當于not。例如:
But your generous pledge on behalf of your company was more than we could have hoped for.
但是我們公司所期待的并不是你代表貴公司所做的慷慨承諾。
6.“More than”詞組
詞組中出現頻率最高的是more than ever,共出現了6次,意思是:“更加”“尤其”。其他詞組各出現1次,分別是more than a little,more than anything else,more than once。如:
During this Thanksgiving season more than ever, we gratefully remember you who have made our business success possible.
在這個感恩的季節,我們尤其要感謝你,是你促成了我們企業的成就。
7.More than的否定句式
More than的否定句式在商務英語信函語料庫中出現的有no more than和not more than,分別出現了12次和5次。“No more than + 數詞”的句式表示準確的數目,其功用僅僅在于表達說話人言其少的口氣[2],相當于only、 mere,一般可譯為“僅有”“只”等。
The job will require no more than eight weeks, and we can begin immediately.
完成此工作只需8周,我們可以馬上開始。
No more than后接從句、名詞和介詞短語時,一般可譯為“僅僅”“只不過”等,其中后接從句出現了2次,名詞1次,介詞短語1次。例如:
But of course you already know chapter and verse of my stern little talk, so I’ll say no more than Hold your horses, Ed, and remember Dickens’s advice’.
其中的“so I’ll say no more than”可譯為:“因此,我想說的只有……”。
Not ore than句式客觀地表達“不多于”“不超過”的意思。例如:
Delivery will be not more than three weeks from receipt of order.
交貨自收到訂單起不超過三個星期。
四、 結語
在商務英語信函中,more than句式呈現多樣化的特點,且意譯的比例較高。因此,在對more than句式進行漢譯時,首先要明確該句式是肯定句式還是否定句式,然后是其后所跟的是詞、短語還是句子,或者是屬于固定詞組,再根據相應句式的翻譯規則進行漢譯。
[參考文獻]
[1]曹合建.基于語料庫的商務英語研究[M].北京:對外經濟貿易大學出版社,2008.
商務英語函電是對外商務交流的主要途徑之一。它是函電發出者編碼和接受者解碼的過程。順利編碼和解碼的過程就是利用函電交際的過程。但是由于交際雙方的文化背景不同、社會環境背景各異、思維方式和交際方式有別,產生誤解在所難免,但同時交際又是一個動態的、系統的過程。因此,揭示并掌握商務英語函電的特點及其翻譯技巧,對于提高學生的業務水平、培養跨文化交際能力、順利達成交易是極為關鍵的。本文在分析商務英語函電的基礎上,對奈達的動態等值翻譯觀及其在商務英語函電中的應用進行研究。
商務英語函電的特點
商務函電不同于普通交流性手段,特點鮮明,按照傳統的說法遵循七條原則(分別是體貼、完整、準確、具體、簡潔、清楚、禮貌),其目的是維持良好的業務關系、進行有效的交流和進行正常的商務往來。其核心為效率,經濟性與簡潔性為效率的具體表現。二者的根本在于高效經濟和達意清晰,效率是目的,內容是載體,二者相輔相成,缺一不可。
(一)文體特點
奈達的動態等值理論強調:在信息重組整合的過程中應考慮話語的結構,尤其是文體。他將文體分為5類,既專業文體、正式文體、非正式文體、隨意文體、親密文體。按照他的分類,商務函電由于涉及進出口業務,且同銀行、海關、運輸、法律等專業知識有著密不可分的聯系,可以基本歸于專業文體或者正式文體。
(二)語言特點
商務函電其中的三個原則“準確、簡潔、清楚”都是對語言方面的要求,“體貼、禮貌”則是針對態度和角度方面的要求。“完整”是對格式的要求,而“具體”則是對整封函電內容的整體要求,是要求避免大而無當的詞句,內容不能偏離要表達的中心。商務函電不僅涉及獨特的專業背景,而且涉及實際商務工作技能,其語言特點可以歸納為兩條:商務函電涉及面涵蓋了貿易、金融、外匯、海關、商檢等諸多領域,顯示出多種行業特色,因此,語言的選擇性很強;商務人員的思維模式具體、審慎,講究語言表達的分寸。具體體現在表達直截了當、簡潔明快、淡于修飾。用詞規范、語法結構嚴謹、句子排列一般固定有序。語篇連貫、邏輯性強。
(三)翻譯特點
商務函電翻譯比較偏重于“實用效果”,其主要功能是準確傳遞經濟信息,而不是為了取得美學效應和欣賞效果;根據不同的目的,采用不同的手段處理不同的內容;比較程式化,內容不允許出錯。因而,譯者一方面需要懂得、熟悉專業的行話、術語,翻譯時意義忠實且術語精確;另一方面要盡可能地用對等的語言,將相關的信息更為精練準確地表達出來。由于商務函電涉及英、漢語言的翻譯與運用,且函電又有其語言、語法、句子結構等方面的特殊性,加上中西方文化差異等原因,這就決定了在商務函電翻譯中不可能是絕對的對等,而是相對和動態對等。因此,動態等值理論在商務函電翻譯中起著重要的作用。
奈達的動態等值翻譯觀
美國的語言學家兼翻譯家尤金?奈達博士(Dr. Eugene A. Nida) 的動態等值理論(Dynamic Equivalence)被許多國內學者推崇為評判譯文好壞的標準以及翻譯所追求的最終目標。他在1964年發表的《翻譯科學初探》中提出了“動態對等”的翻譯標準,指出“譯文的接受者和譯文信息之間的關系,應該與原文接受者和原文信息之間的關系基本相同”。翻譯等值理論中的“等值”,即是要求譯入語(Target language)與譯出語(Source language)的值相等,使譯文在讀者中產生原文作者通過其作品想要達到的效果和作用,從而使譯文讀者在通過閱讀譯文后,能得到與原文讀者大致相同的感受。奈達強調的是一種“動態”的對等,強調語言信息在交際轉換過程中的動態對等,而不是簡單的、靜止的、形式上的對等。這就是“動態等值翻譯”的主要原則。
動態等值理論在商務英語函電翻譯中的應用
商務函電用詞、句子結構及語篇結構方面有其不同于其他語體的顯著特點。在漢譯時,應酌情按動態等值理論對原文進行翻譯,再現原文詞、句的風貌,使譯文受眾與原文受眾達到了同樣的理解。現就函電語言的特殊性及如何在翻譯時運用動態等值理論進行闡述。
(一)詞語方面
選詞方面不刻意追求華麗的詞藻,而盡可能地選用正規、莊重或表現力強的專業詞語。在漢譯時,要根據英、漢兩種語言的文字特點加以妥善處理,不必要對等地對重復詞進行重復翻譯,而應該采取動態對等,遵循習慣譯法,用行話譯行話,術語譯術語等對等方法。
如:信函中Dear sirs不譯“親愛的先生們”而譯“(執事)先生”或“徑啟者”,而商號中“&”符號一般不譯。如Nippon Telegraph& Telephone譯為“日本電報電話”;please don't hesitate to…譯為“盡可以…、務請…”等。
另外,在商務函電中詞的重復和省略現象較為常見。當出現一些關鍵性的詞時經常會采用同義詞連用的現象。如:The packing and wrapping expenses should be borne by the buyer.包裝費應由買方負擔。句中packing 和wrapping同義,意為“包裝”,在原文中重復使用,為確保所用詞不被曲解。然而翻譯時根據動態等值理論只譯成“包裝”一詞即可。
再次,用詞要準、注意多義。如The product will find a good market in New York.“此產品在紐約將有很好的銷路”。Chinese toy products are very popular in Europe. We would like to work with you to market them in Canada. “中國的玩具產品在歐洲很受歡迎,我們愿同你方合作在加拿大銷售”。從以上二例中,market既有市場、銷路,又有營銷、出售之意。翻譯時要根據上下文忠實準確譯出原文,仔細推敲避免誤解。
(二)句子方面
1.句子表達固定。為表達明確,商務英語函電在實踐中已形成了固定套語:商務函電首段首句,常見套語有:Thank you for your letter of; we are in receipt of your letter of等。如We thank you for your letter of 18th February and confirm our cable of today's date, which reads as follows.(茲復貴方2月18日來信并確認我方今日發出的電報,電文如下)。翻譯時使用等值翻譯,譯成“X月X日來函收悉,不勝感謝,茲復函如下”。
商務函電結尾句:英語表達有固定方式如In accordance as your request, we send you herewith a statement of your account which we hope you will find correct.(茲按貴方要求奉上結算報告書一份,請查收)。譯成符合漢語習慣的“隨函附上…請查收”。
請求對方做某事的漢語句式為“請…將不勝感激”,函電英語常用:We would appreciate; It would be appreciated等。如It would be appreciated of you could quote your prices of CIF Shanghai for computer.(請報電腦的上海到岸價,將不勝感謝)。We are looking forward with interest to your reply. Your early reply will be highly appreciated等。函電結尾譯成“盼復”等常用套語。
2.語句凝練精干,力求表達有效。語句凝練精干和表達有效是指選詞簡明、語法正確、使用得體。而同一詞語在不同的語域里有不同的文體效果。如We are ina position to offer you 50 long tons of Tins Foil Sheets.(我們能向貴方報50英噸錫箔紙),“offer”譯“開盤”、“報盤”,有商務英語的語言特點和精僻文風而不同于其文學意義。Our order is subject to your acceptance of our terms of payments by D/P.(我們的定單以貴方接受我付款交單條件為準)中“subject to”是“以…為條件”之意。
3.語句結構以復合長句為主,很少使用簡單句。從句套從句的“枝狀結構”屢見不鮮,經常一連數行才出現一個句號。然而對于這種復雜冗長的句子,只要對原文進行仔細分析并采用動態等值理論進行翻譯,就能恰當地翻譯原文,使譯文受眾對作者的立意有明確的認識,從而獲得對原文較準確的感受。例如:Any controversy under this contract or arising between the parties or out of or for breach of or in relation to this contract sha11 be determined by arbitration to be held in the City of New York pursuant to the arbitration law of the State of New York and under the rules of the American Arbitration Association.這是一條國際貿易中常見的仲裁條款。在句中any controversy之后連續使用了五個介詞短語,這五個介詞短語都是同時用來修飾和限定controversy的,對于此種復雜句子,翻譯時首先必須理順語句成分的層次及其關系,聯系上下文,精確地把握詞語的內蘊,準確把握句意的脈絡。根據漢語的句式特點,動態地重構原文傳遞的信息。譯成“任何雙方或雙方以外的或違背或相關的對于此合同的爭議,都由基于美國仲裁組織下的紐約州仲裁法律決定”。
(三)語篇結構方面
各種語篇的交際功能、主題、內容不同,其語篇結構也不同。商務英語函電表達固定,語篇結構邏輯合理、意義連貫。邏輯合理指句子結構、段落安排、語篇思維。意義連貫指句子間語義連貫,段落間內容連貫,上下文思路連貫。
結論
綜上所述,商務函電是對外商務交流重要途徑之一。由于其特殊的文體,語言的專業性及特殊性,要求譯者從詞義和專業上去深刻理解原文的含義,將譯文所傳達的信息與原文所傳遞的信息保持一致。奈達動態等值理論很大程度上能避免生搬硬套的死譯或望文生義的亂譯,在商務函電翻譯中的應用有助于強化譯文的邏輯性、規范性和準確度。正確運用動態等值理論,在商務函電翻譯中具有重要意義。
參考文獻
1.劉宓慶.文體與翻譯[M].中國對外翻譯出版公司,1998
商務英語函電是對外商務交流的主要途徑之一。它是函電發出者編碼和接受者解碼的過程。順利編碼和解碼的過程就是利用函電交際的過程。但是由于交際雙方的文化背景不同、社會環境背景各異、思維方式和交際方式有別,產生誤解在所難免,但同時交際又是一個動態的、系統的過程。因此,揭示并掌握商務英語函電的特點及其翻譯技巧,對于提高學生的業務水平、培養跨文化交際能力、順利達成交易是極為關鍵的。本文在分析商務英語函電的基礎上,對奈達的動態等值翻譯觀及其在商務英語函電中的應用進行研究。
商務英語函電的特點
商務函電不同于普通交流性手段,特點鮮明,按照傳統的說法遵循七條原則(分別是體貼、完整、準確、具體、簡潔、清楚、禮貌),其目的是維持良好的業務關系、進行有效的交流和進行正常的商務往來。其核心為效率,經濟性與簡潔性為效率的具體表現。二者的根本在于高效經濟和達意清晰,效率是目的,內容是載體,二者相輔相成,缺一不可。
(一)文體特點
奈達的動態等值理論強調:在信息重組整合的過程中應考慮話語的結構,尤其是文體。他將文體分為5類,既專業文體、正式文體、非正式文體、隨意文體、親密文體。按照他的分類,商務函電由于涉及進出口業務,且同銀行、海關、運輸、法律等專業知識有著密不可分的聯系,可以基本歸于專業文體或者正式文體。
(二)語言特點
商務函電其中的三個原則“準確、簡潔、清楚”都是對語言方面的要求,“體貼、禮貌”則是針對態度和角度方面的要求。“完整”是對格式的要求,而“具體”則是對整封函電內容的整體要求,是要求避免大而無當的詞句,內容不能偏離要表達的中心。商務函電不僅涉及獨特的專業背景,而且涉及實際商務工作技能,其語言特點可以歸納為兩條:商務函電涉及面涵蓋了貿易、金融、外匯、海關、商檢等諸多領域,顯示出多種行業特色,因此,語言的選擇性很強;商務人員的思維模式具體、審慎,講究語言表達的分寸。具體體現在表達直截了當、簡潔明快、淡于修飾。用詞規范、語法結構嚴謹、句子排列一般固定有序。語篇連貫、邏輯性強。
(三)翻譯特點
商務函電翻譯比較偏重于“實用效果”,其主要功能是準確傳遞經濟信息,而不是為了取得美學效應和欣賞效果;根據不同的目的,采用不同的手段處理不同的內容;比較程式化,內容不允許出錯。因而,譯者一方面需要懂得、熟悉專業的行話、術語,翻譯時意義忠實且術語精確;另一方面要盡可能地用對等的語言,將相關的信息更為精練準確地表達出來。由于商務函電涉及英、漢語言的翻譯與運用,且函電又有其語言、語法、句子結構等方面的特殊性,加上中西方文化差異等原因,這就決定了在商務函電翻譯中不可能是絕對的對等,而是相對和動態對等。因此,動態等值理論在商務函電翻譯中起著重要的作用。
奈達的動態等值翻譯觀
美國的語言學家兼翻譯家尤金•奈達博士(Dr. Eugene A. Nida) 的動態等值理論(Dynamic Equivalence)被許多國內學者推崇為評判譯文好壞的標準以及翻譯所追求的最終目標。他在1964年發表的《翻譯科學初探》中提出了“動態對等”的翻譯標準,指出“譯文的接受者和譯文信息之間的關系,應該與原文接受者和原文信息之間的關系基本相同”。翻譯等值理論中的“等值”,即是要求譯入語(Target language)與譯出語(Source language)的值相等,使譯文在讀者中產生原文作者通過其作品想要達到的效果和作用,從而使譯文讀者在通過閱讀譯文后,能得到與原文讀者大致相同的感受。奈達強調的是一種“動態”的對等,強調語言信息在交際轉換過程中的動態對等,而不是簡單的、靜止的、形式上的對等。這就是“動態等值翻譯”的主要原則。
動態等值理論在商務英語函電翻譯中的應用
商務函電用詞、句子結構及語篇結構方面有其不同于其他語體的顯著特點。在漢譯時,應酌情按動態等值理論對原文進行翻譯,再現原文詞、句的風貌,使譯文受眾與原文受眾達到了同樣的理解。現就函電語言的特殊性及如何在翻譯時運用動態等值理論進行闡述。
(一)詞語方面
選詞方面不刻意追求華麗的詞藻,而盡可能地選用正規、莊重或表現力強的專業詞語。在漢譯時,要根據英、漢兩種語言的文字特點加以妥善處理,不必要對等地對重復詞進行重復翻譯,而應該采取動態對等,遵循習慣譯法,用行話譯行話,術語譯術語等對等方法。
如:信函中Dear sirs不譯“親愛的先生們”而譯“(執事)先生”或“徑啟者”,而商號中“&”符號一般不譯。如Nippon Telegraph& Telephone譯為“日本電報電話”;please don't hesitate to…譯為“盡可以…、務請…”等。
另外,在商務函電中詞的重復和省略現象較為常見。當出現一些關鍵性的詞時經常會采用同義詞連用的現象。如:The packing and wrapping expenses should be borne by the buyer.包裝費應由買方負擔。句中packing 和wrapping同義,意為“包裝”,在原文中重復使用,為確保所用詞不被曲解。然而翻譯時根據動態等值理論只譯成“包裝”一詞即可。
再次,用詞要準、注意多義。如The product will find a good market in New York.“此產品在紐約將有很好的銷路”。Chinese toy products are very popular in Europe. We would like to work with you to market them in Canada. “中國的玩具產品在歐洲很受歡迎,我們愿同你方合作在加拿大銷售”。從以上二例中,market既有市場、銷路,又有營銷、出售之意。翻譯時要根據上下文忠實準確譯出原文,仔細推敲避免誤解。
(二)句子方面
1.句子表達固定。為表達明確,商務英語函電在實踐中已形成了固定套語:商務函電首段首句,常見套語有:Thank you for your letter of; we are in receipt of your letter of等。如We thank you for your letter of 18th February and confirm our cable of today's date, which rea
ds as follows.(茲復貴方2月18日來信并確認我方今日發出的電報,電文如下)。翻譯時使用等值翻譯,譯成“X月X日來函收悉,不勝感謝,茲復函如下”。
商務函電結尾句:英語表達有固定方式如In accordance as your request, we send you herewith a statement of your account which we hope you will find correct.(茲按貴方要求奉上結算報告書一份,請查收)。譯成符合漢語習慣的“隨函附上…請查收”。
請求對方做某事的漢語句式為“請…將不勝感激”,函電英語常用:We would appreciate; It would be appreciated等。如It would be appreciated of you could quote your prices of CIF Shanghai for computer.(請報電腦的上海到岸價,將不勝感謝)。We are looking forward with interest to your reply. Your early reply will be highly appreciated等。函電結尾譯成“盼復”等常用套語。
2.語句凝練精干,力求表達有效。語句凝練精干和表達有效是指選詞簡明、語法正確、使用得體。而同一詞語在不同的語域里有不同的文體效果。如We are in a position to offer you 50 long tons of Tins Foil Sheets.(我們能向貴方報50英噸錫箔紙),“offer”譯“開盤”、“報盤”,有商務英語的語言特點和精僻文風而不同于其文學意義。Our order is subject to your acceptance of our terms of payments by D/P.(我們的定單以貴方接受我付款交單條件為準)中“subject to”是“以…為條件”之意。
3.語句結構以復合長句為主,很少使用簡單句。從句套從句的“枝狀結構”屢見不鮮,經常一連數行才出現一個句號。然而對于這種復雜冗長的句子,只要對原文進行仔細分析并采用動態等值理論進行翻譯,就能恰當地翻譯原文,使譯文受眾對作者的立意有明確的認識,從而獲得對原文較準確的感受。例如:Any controversy under this contract or arising between the parties or out of or for breach of or in relation to this contract sha11 be determined by arbitration to be held in the City of New York pursuant to the arbitration law of the State of New York and under the rules of the American Arbitration Association.這是一條國際貿易中常見的仲裁條款。在句中any controversy之后連續使用了五個介詞短語,這五個介詞短語都是同時用來修飾和限定controversy的,對于此種復雜句子,翻譯時首先必須理順語句成分的層次及其關系,聯系上下文,精確地把握詞語的內蘊,準確把握句意的脈絡。根據漢語的句式特點,動態地重構原文傳遞的信息。譯成“任何雙方或雙方以外的或違背或相關的對于此合同的爭議,都由基于美國仲裁組織下的紐約州仲裁法律決定”。
(三)語篇結構方面
各種語篇的交際功能、主題、內容不同,其語篇結構也不同。商務英語函電表達固定,語篇結構邏輯合理、意義連貫。邏輯合理指句子結構、段落安排、語篇思維。意義連貫指句子間語義連貫,段落間內容連貫,上下文思路連貫。
商務英語信函又稱商業信函,包括外貿書信、傳真和電子郵件等形式,是一種實用性很強的功能語體,用于對外貿易交往的各個環節,對買賣雙方都是至關重要的。如果函電譯文在理解和表達上略有差錯,就會貽誤商機,導致不必要的損失。
1.商務英語信函的特點
與普通英語不同,商務英語強調的是商務溝通能力,其追求的目標是用最準確、最清晰的商務語言來與同事、老板及客戶進行最有效的溝通和交流。商務英語信函翻譯是一門嚴肅的學問,容不得半點馬虎。其特點主要有:精確度高、規范性強、清晰度高、禮貌性強等特點。
2.合作原則
合作原則(Cooperative Principle)是美國語言學家格賴斯提出的語用理論。在記述會話隱義(conversational implicature)時所提出的會話雙方使得對話得以進行而須遵循的原則。
合作原則包含四個準則,各準則之下又有次準則:①質量準則(maxim of quality):保證發出信息是真實的(a.不發出虛假信息;b.不發出缺乏足夠證據的信息);②數量準則(maxim of quantity):發出信息量應當適度(a.話語應包含交流所需的必要信息;b.話語信息必要的量);③關聯準則(maxim of relation):信息與交流內容有關聯性;④方式準則(maxim of manner):選擇受話者能夠最易理解的方式設計編排信息(a.避免含糊其辭;b.避免歧義;c.簡短精煉;d.條理、有序)。
3.合作原則在商務英語信函翻譯中的實例分析
翻譯不僅僅是簡單地將一種語言文字轉換成另一種語言文字,應該是將原文的內容形式、文體風格及基調忠實地表達出來,這就要求譯文必須遵循原文的語體規律和規范。
3.1質量準則在商務英語信函翻譯中的體現
商務英語信函在選詞上大量運用專用詞語和數量詞,因此,譯文信息的準確性即對原文內容的忠實程度是翻譯商務英語信函的必然要求。這里的“準確”是從詞義、專業上去深刻理解原文的含義,使原文信息準確無誤地表達出來。
例如:Thank you for your letter of ...We are glad to hear that...We apologize for the inconvenience...翻譯成漢語時以方程式化的行文用語、結構布局的形式出現,譯成“多謝……的來信”,“得悉……感到高興”,“因……而引致任何不便,本公司深感歉意”。這是該類外貿函電篇章結構的顯著特征:行文嚴謹、表達準確,使用的語言不附加感彩,無形象性和突出的表現力,運用了譯語中相同意義的套語與固定格式,穩定性較強。因此,漢譯時套用一些為漢語中常用的方程式套語或文言句式可以突出篇章的規范性,譯文的忠實性就有保障。
3.2數量準則在商務英語信函翻譯中的體現
數量準則是指所說的話不應包含超出交談目的所需要的信息、而體現在商務英語信函翻譯中其特征是不隨便畫蛇添足,也不隨便缺斤少兩、具體如何處理源語語占信息由語境決定。何自然教授認為,就一般而言,語境就是言語交際所依賴的環境。
請看下面一份合同書里的句子:
原文:買賣雙方同意按下述條款購買出售下列商品簽訂本合同:
譯文:This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-men-boned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
翻譯該句時譯者首先考慮到由于合同是雙方簽訂的,所以雙方必須嚴格履行合同所賦予的責任。為了強調這一點,原文中的“雙方”在譯文中譯為made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,這樣一來,原文所需的信息均蘊涵在譯語中了。這里的by和between兩個介詞缺一不可,省去任何一個意義就完全改變。
3.3方式準則在商務英語信函翻譯中的體現
方式準則指期待對方說話簡明扼要,直言不諱,避免晦澀和歧義,做到語句井井有條,內容簡潔明了。一封含糊不清、辭不達意的書信會引起誤會與歧義,甚至會造成外貿損失。表達清楚應注意選擇準確、簡練的詞和正確的句子結構。翻譯函電也應如此。
例如:Please hold the goods which were wrongly shipped for collection.譯成“煩請暫存錯運給貴方的貨物”,Should you have any further problems,please do not hesitate to contact us immediately.譯成“如有任何疑問,歡迎與本公司聯絡”,譯句意義清晰可見,顯得既簡潔舒暢,又莊重老練。
3.4關聯準則在商務英語信函翻譯中的體現
根據關聯準則,信息與交流內容有關聯性;在交談時,人們都期待對方說和話題有關的話,函電翻譯過程中也必須遵守關聯準則。例如:claim可作動詞和名詞,在不同語境,其意義完全不一樣,單單就動詞而言,它有“要求、認領、自稱、聲稱、主張、索取”意義等用法。翻譯時根據它是出現在一份合同書中這一語境情況推斷出它是“索賠”,而不是其它意義。
可見,語句翻譯首先表現為用詞語中語用意義相當的表達方式傳達源語在特定語境中使用時所產生的語用意義,使譯文功能得以實現。在翻譯時,我們可以根據具體的語體語境,分析與該語境相關的確切的語義信息。外貿英語函電翻譯中,語義信息要與語境信息保持一致,全面遵循質量、數量、關聯、方式準則,把信息嚴格限制在詞語的本來語境中,不可向外隨意延伸。
4.結語
商務英語信函是國際貿易活動中的重要的載體。商務英語信函以其慣用的商務詞匯,豐富的貿易術語,固定的句式和縮寫形成了獨特的函電文體,具有強烈的商業色彩。因此,商務英語信函的翻譯嘗試運用合作原則,遵循既定俗成的專業術語和句型,同時運用理論指導翻譯實踐,正確理解源語語言含義,識別其語用意義,并能準確翻譯,以免貿易雙方產生誤解,影響對外貿易的正常進行。
參考文獻:
[1]朱東華.合作原則在外貿函電翻譯中的運用[J].廣東交通職業技術學院學報,2007,(8).
自改革開放以來,中國與國外經濟技術交往頻繁,特別是中國加入世界貿易組織后,與各國貿易組織、公司、企業、集團之間的商務活動越來越頻繁,商務函電與合同的使用也越發廣泛。商務函電與合同是買賣雙方為實現各自的商務目的,依據法律程序達成的契約。雙方之間為了履行好各自的義務和權利,這就要求雙方對函電、合同中的文字進行斟酌與分析,力求用詞方面準確無誤。
1789年,英國翻譯家、學者喬治?坎貝爾(George Campbell)率先提出翻譯的三原則,即忠實內容、忠實風格、自然流暢。就把翻譯的準確性(忠實內容)列在了首位。我多年來一直從事商務英語,特別是商務應用文寫作的教學工作,現對上課教案及筆記進行整理,歸納出在商務領域,如何做好函電與合同的英語翻譯工作的幾點方法和技巧。
一、用詞的準確性
1.縮略詞。
縮略詞即首字母拼湊,是人們在長期使用過程中逐漸演變出使用方便的詞,因其簡明、省時省力而被廣泛使用。如:
G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences);普惠制 M/V(merchant vessel)商船
D/P(document against payment);付款交單 L/C(letter of credit)信用證
D/A(document against acceptance);承兌交單 RMB(renminbi)人民幣
特例:(1)月份名除(May五月;June六月;July七月)不能縮寫之外,其余月份均可縮寫,切記首字母必須大寫。表星期名稱在列表時可縮寫。如:Jan,Sep,Mon,Fri等。
(2)重量、面積、體積、長度、容積等一般不縮寫,除與數字連用時。(該縮寫無單復數之分)如:g=gram,yd=yard,yards;ft=foot,feet;kg=kilogram,oz=ounce,ounces等。
(3)國家名稱往往可以縮寫,Road,Street avenue等不要縮寫。如:
中華人民共和國陜西省寶雞市馬營路3號。
No.3 Maying Road Baoji,Shaanxi PRC.
縮略詞要靠平時的學習和積累,但借助網絡和工具書也不失為上上策。
2.近義詞。
近義詞的使用目的是使合同條款更加嚴密,表述更加準確,盡最大可能地避免歧義和疏漏。一般近義詞都是以and或or或頓號連接的,涉及名詞、動詞、介詞、形容詞等。如:
for and on behalf of(為了,代表),force and effect(效力),right and interest(權益),power and authority(權利),covenants and agreements(契約),terms and conditions(條款),complaints and claims(投訴及索賠),final and conclusive(最終及具決定性的)等。
近義詞有其固定的意義,翻譯時不可隨意拆開。用兩個或多個詞匯的近似含義來限定其唯一詞義,從而排除了一詞多義的誤解,使合同更加嚴謹。
(1)This agreement is made and entered into on April 16,2007 by and between Party A and Party B.本合約由甲方和乙方于2007年4月16日達成。
該句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”兩組分別屬于近義詞和相關詞并列。
(2)On the expiry of the validity term of contract,the contract shall automatically become null and void.有效期滿后,本合同自動失效。
該句中兩個意思相近的形容詞“null and void”并列。
3.情態詞。
商界函電與合同用詞一般都講究語言正式、規范,不能太口語化。情態動詞的使用歸納如下:“shall”:表“應該”、“必須”,但有時也有建議、強制的意思。“should”極少用到“應該”之意,通常表語氣較強的假設“萬一”。“will”雖表承擔義務,但語氣比“shall”弱。如:
(1)Intruders shall be punished.
非法闖入者將遭處罰。
(2)We will accept your order.
我方接受你們的訂單。
(3)If the car should break down on the way,you would have to walk back.
萬一汽車中途拋錨,你就得走回來。
4.重復詞。
指不使用代詞,而重復關鍵詞。雖繁瑣但能準確、清晰表明目的。這是商務買賣的合同中形成的一種模式。如:
如賣方延遲交貨超過合同規定5周時,買方有權撤銷合同。此時賣方仍應不延遲地按上述規定向買方支付罰款。
In case the Seller fails to make delivery five weeks later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract,the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract,and the Seller,in spite of the cancellation,shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyer without delay.
二、句子的準確性
1.以陳述句居多,且多主動少被動句式。
因主動顯得較自然、明確、直接。如:
本合同生效日起,買方應向賣方支付4,000美元的押金,作為對其擔保金。本押金將于2011年7月11日到期時歸還買方。
On the date of this Lease,the buyer should pay US4,000 for the seller,and to be returned to the buyer until July 11,2011 .
這則商業合同中英文要好于漢語,因其結構簡單、自然、明確。
2.常用條件句。
條件句結構雖然拖沓冗長,但表意非常準確,杜絕了產生歧義的情形。最常見的有以下幾種表達方式:if,unless,in the event that,in case等。其中“We’ll accept ... if you accept ...”(如果你方同意……我方會考慮同意……)該句特別實用。如:
(1)In case the contract is concluded on CIF basis,the insurance shall be effected by the Seller for 110% of invoice value covering all risks,war risk,S.R.C.C. risks (i.e. Strikes,Riot,and Civil Commotions).
在到岸價基礎上訂立的合同,將由賣方按發票金額110%投保綜合險、戰爭險、罷工險、暴亂險和民變險。
(2)You might feel the same way if you were sitting in my scat.
如果你坐在我的位置上,你會有同樣的感受的。
(3)Your proposal appears to be acceptable.Let us assume that we agree on that point,unless I find any objectionable in them.
您的建議似乎是可行的。我方同意那一點,除非發現有什么令人不快的地方。
(4)We’ ll consider accepting your proposal on items 6 and 8,if ,as a package deal,you accept our proposal on items 3 and 9.
我方會考慮接受貴方第6、8項條款,而作為一攬子交易,貴方應接受我方的第3、9項條款。
三、數字的準確性
商務合同英語中的數字有一系列的規律,有些與漢語的規則差別很大。
1.一般來說,1―10為單詞,11以上的數字寫成阿拉伯數字;首位數字寫成單詞;并列的數字應全部寫成阿拉伯數字;如:
(1)稅率按每2天0.8%,如賣方延期交貨超過合同規定15周時,買方有權撤銷合同。
The tax rate is charged at 0.8 percent for every two days,In case the Seller fails to make delivery 15 weeks later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract,the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract.
(2)100箱貨物丟失。
Hundred of the packages were lost.
(3)每塑料箱裝8 個玻璃杯和15個茶杯。
Each Plastic box contains 8 glasses and 15 cups.
2.年、月、日的表示。商務合同翻譯中一般用月(單詞)、日(數字)、年(數字)模式表示。如:
銷售合同,合同號:2011-8766簽約日期地點:2011年8月29日中國西安
SALES CONTRACT No.:2011-8766Date:August 29 ,2011 Signed at Xi’an,China
3.在商務合同中,金額的表示至關重要。為避免金額數量的差錯、偽造、涂改,盡可能用下列方法表示:金額如用阿拉伯數字表示,后面往往用單詞予以說明。切記:阿拉伯數字前要加貨幣符號,金額數字必須緊靠貨幣符號;單詞要加say和only加以限定。如:
單價:廣州船上交貨價每件21.45美元,總值:267,400美元
UNIT PRICE:US $21.45 FOB Guangzhou per suit.
TOTAL PRICE:US $ 267,400,00 (Two hundred and sixty-seven thousand four hundred US dollars only or Say Two hundred and sixty- seven thousand four hundred US dollars)
隨著對外經濟貿易交流的擴大化,商務函電與合同的翻譯質量要求也會越來越高。在不久的將來,商務函電與合同的翻譯將對我國的經濟建設與發展起到顯而易見的作用。
參考文獻:
[1]黃文偉,劉美華.商務英語函電與合同.上海大學出版社,2008-01.
[2]孫致禮.新編英漢翻譯教程.上海外語教育出版社,2003-4-1.
一、 Introduction
This paper aims to study vague language in business English letters, and discuss when people use vague language and why people use vague language on actual contexts. At the same time, we also learn the active functions and negative functions which are the vague language in business English letters causing. Based on the two functions, we discuss how to use vague language and avoid negative function in the business English letters.
(一) Introduction to the study
L.A.Zadeh, a professor of California University and an expert of Cybernetics, first put forward his concept and theory of fuzzy sets in 1965. From then on, there are many studies on vague language. Linguists reach a common sense that vague language plays a significant role in human communication. English linguist Channel (2000:194) claims that "whether one can properly use vague language shows one's language performance, because vague language is an inseparable part of language communication." A Chinese linguist Wu Tieping first brought vagueness into China and then his first Investigation of Fuzzy Linguistics came to the public in 1999 which remarks the beginning of researching vague language in China. There are a large amount of researches on vague language from semantic and pragmatic angles soon after, such as Practical Fuzzy Linguistics by Li Qian Jv in 1996, On Fuzzy Semantics by Zhang Qiao in 1998.
Although the existing or spreading of vague language everywhere, litter study on it in business English letters has been found because of the disputes or even lawsuits causing by vague language. As we know, the principles of business writing require the usage of its language precise, exact and clear, but vague language is always common used in business writing.
So, we should strive to study clearly the vague language in business English letters, especially in specific contexts about its effect of appropriateness and wide applicability.
(二) Data Collection and Research Method
The data of this paper are business English letters which are expected to point out when and why people use vague language and its active functions and negative functions in business English letters. These materials are collected mainly form books and articles on business English letters and business communication. The author also has collected some examples from other authors relevant to the current study. In fact, these examples in this paper are in the form of sentences form the letters. There are 20 samples of business English letters being not attached to the study due to the limited length of the paper.
A qualitative method is used in this paper to study the deliberate use of vague language by using business English letters as examples. Based on the theoretical prerequisites, the study explores the essential reasons of when and why people use vague language in business English letters.
二、 Literature Review
There is not a common sense what is vague language from the beginning to today. The originator of the notion of vagueness in language, a famous philosopher Pierce, showed his interest in natural language in1902.The philosophical study on vagueness of natural language brought about this phenomenon in the linguistic field. From then on, fuzziness, ambiguity, generality and vagueness have been made to define the confusing terms by linguists. This chapter plays much attention to the definition of vague language and the relationship of some confusing terms.
(一) A Definition of Vague language
Although a great number of researches on vague language have been carried out, a definition can not come to consensus in the linguistic field. There are two reasons to explain the difficulty, one is the vague language is complex area of study the other is the large number of different conceptions of vague language. Therefore, it is urgent to delimitate the present study towards the definition of vague language according to the definition by Wu Tieping and Channel are as follows:
Some words or some sentences are vague, they are not independent but in the context.
Vague language is vague probe to the vagueness of itself and the vagueness of acknowledge, it aims to language communication and chose loosely.
The latter study of vague language in business English letters will be firmly fellow the above definition.
(二) Comparison of Some Confusing Terms
In order to distinct the four terms among vagueness, fuzziness, generality and ambiguity. It is so significant that much effort has been done on this matter in linguistics. This paper will continue this project for sake of better understanding of the research.
1.Vague Language vs. Fuzziness
The two words are used exchangeable by some researches. Linguists like Black Russell, Fillmore, Ullmann, Deese, Channel and etc. all substitute vagueness for fuzziness. Actually, the research about this has not been worked out. Kempson(1979),a English linguist classifies vagueness into the following four types(qtd. in Zhang Qiao 17-18).
(1) Referential vagueness, where the meaning of a lexical item is in principle clear enough, but it may be hard to decide whether or not the item be applied to certain objects;
(2) Indeterminacy of meaning, where the meaning of an item itself seems indeterminate;
(3) Lack of specification in the meaning of items, where the meaning is clear but is only generally specified;
(4) Disjunction in the specification of an item's meaning, where the meaning involves an either-or statement with different interpretation possibilities.
As the above-mentioned classification, we will discuss three types because the last type is beyond our study in this paper. The first is lack of clear boundaries. For instance, we have no idea to recognize the referential boundary like “land” or “floor” ;“the ground” or “the earth”. The second is that the borderline of a word is uncertain. For example, how beautiful is “beautiful”? How small is “small”? These borderlines are not clear. The third is the uncertainty in a phrase or proposition including the indeterminate meaning. For example, "my brother's taxi" is indeterminate. Since we can not distinguish whether it is used to express the taxi my brother owns, the taxi my brother drives, the taxi my brother rents, the taxi my brother is going to catch, or the taxi my brother goes to work on and etc.
To sum up, because of the unclear boundary and the indefinite criteria, addition to it a continuous range of values, the meaning of fuzziness is a part of the expression vagueness. At the moment, vagueness is used its broadest sense which is also the point we use in this paper, including the coming analysis.
2.Vagueness vs. Ambiguity
Although the two terms are different, some people often confuse them, to such an extent that, they use ambiguous examples to interpret vagueness.
According to Zhang Qiao, he holds that ambiguity is expression with more than one competing but distinct meaning; while for vagueness; distinct meaning can not be identified. It seems that vagueness has borderline and a single meaning. Therefore, homonymy and polysemous words lead to ambiguity not vagueness. For instance, “It is good whether” is vague because of the one meaning of “good”, and we do not know how good it is. “She has a good leg.” is ambiguous because of the several meaning of “good”. We can not decide whether it means “athletic” or “healthy” or “beautiful” (liao1).The answer varies from context to context, from individual to individual.
Compare with vagueness, ambiguities are less use in actual texts, because contextual clues generally make clear which meaning is appropriate, but vagueness is possible in many causes because it expresses one meaning which is not clear or distinct. For instance, "Jane has my book." has one meaning: Jane has my book, but the expression is not clear. Does it mean a book written by me, or owned by me, or borrowed by me? So that the sentence is vague but not ambiguous. (Liao2)
3.Vagueness vs. Generality
Wu Yaxin defines generality is as follows: "an expression is general if it is the super ordinate to other relevant expressions, which are considered as its hyponym." With Zhang Qiao's view on generality “the meaning of an expression is general if it does not specify certain details, i.e. generality is an unspecified matter.” in mind, Ms Wu gives her viewpoint above; she adds her idea that if we use unspecified word here, it would be difficult to draw a demarcation line between generality and vagueness. For instance, “Rose got a rose.” is general and cause an unclear meaning if we want to know whether Rose has a red, or a white rose, a yellow rose, or a black rose.
Generality covers Hyponymy, the vertical relationship existing between a specific and a general expression is the connotation of hyponymy. For example,“ sweet” and “chocolate”, the semantic field of “chocolate” lies within “sweet”. In this case, it is clear to see "chocolate" belongs to “sweet”, but sometimes generality is a means and vagueness is the result of it. For example, a child is expecting his mother to buy chocolate to him says in vagueness by using the general terms: "How I wish someone to send me chocolate and I will have the confidence to get full marks in this coming exam."
三、 The Functions of Vague Language in Business English Letters
As is well known, business language requires precision but avoid vagueness. In fact, both vagueness and precision are the innate characteristics of natural language; business language is not an exception. Sometimes, in order to run the business transactions well, vague language is used for particular and diversified reasons. It should concern the following communicative purposes and intentions by Channel (173-192):
(1) Giving the right amount of information
(2) Deliberately withholding information
(3) Using language persuasively
(4) Lexical gaps
(5) Lacking specific information
(6) Displacement
(7) Self-protection
(8) Power and politeness
(9) Informality and atmosphere
(10) Women's language
This study concentrate on the deliberate use of vague language in business English letters, so only these uses: giving the right amount of information; deliberately withholding information; using language persuasively; self-protesters; power and politeness; informality and atmosphere; women's language, given by Channel will be discussed as the functions of vague language. As we all know that it is difficult for a theory to be perfected a linguistic phenomenon or a complete interpretation. Every theory has its strong points and weak points. Therefore, in this study, the Channel’s theory is supposed to construct the theoretical framework for the analysis of vague language in business English letters. With these functions of vague language, business people may use vague language as a communicative strategy in different context in order to maintain the goodwill between the parties involved. Vague language may turn out to be a powerful tool in good business writing and successful business transactions. However, vague expressions in some contexts are used to confuse the addressee deliberately, this may cause to misunderstanding or cheating.
This section associates with some actual articles and materials to make a try to explore and summarize both the positive and negative functions of vague language in business English letters.
(一) An overview of Business English Letters
As we know, business communication will reach a possible agreement at last, no matter what manners both sides use, it is basined on the common interests and conflicting interests put the cooperation further or break-up. Wall defines that business communication is a process through which two or more parties coordinate an exchange of goods or services and attempt to agree upon the rate of the exchange for them.
Business letters is a kind of communication, specifically, “a piece of conversation by post” (Yang, 15). The participants take turns as being the addresser and the addressee have their special audience and definite purpose, so the communication is carried on by written forms. "business letters are different from other literary discourses, Brown and Yule said that "they do not call for the elegant language of literature and the main difference between business letters and other types of discourses lies in the language and style." It seems a reasonable answer to the trait of business English letters from a large number of articles and materials which other people research.
Business letters are hard to classify because there are great classifications from different angles, such as the different functions, the content of the letters. It seems that it is impossible to carry out a complete and perfect classification for the business letters. There are the same things among some types of letters above if we found carefully. Sometimes, it is difficult to distinguish one letter from another. Therefore, there is a need to give a general classification for the following analysis of vague language in business English letters. According to Stewart (qtd. in Yang, 17), there are four different kinds of information in terms of its effect on the readers’ needs: good news, neutral news, bad news and persuasion. Accordingly, there are good-news letters, neutral-news letters, bad-news letters and persuasive letters. In addition, order letters, inquiry letters and replies to inquires and adjustment letters can be sub-classified into good-news or neutral-news letters, Refusing letters can be classified into bad-news letters and sales letters and collection letters into persuasive letters.
四、 Functions of Vague Language in Business English Letters and Some Suggests
(一) Positive Functions of Vague Language in Business English letters
It is known that vague language playing an important role in the linguistic communication own to vagueness, communication operates smoothly, so does business English letters. The businessmen often use vague expressions purposely for their contribution to the messages. Generally speaking, positive functions of vague language in business English letters are as follows:
1.Increasing the Accuracy of Language Expressions
The American philosopher Grice said that in the communicative activities, parties should observe some basic norms in order to ensure the communication going on successfully. Since there are situations in which one is reluctant to be very precise or accurate, businessmen may make use of vague language intentionally. In the objective reality, there are too many “boundary phenomena”, in other words, things and phenomena that belong to objective reality manifest indeterminacy. Vagueness is sometimes an important means of appropriately stating or expressing these indeterminate uncertain things and phenomena (Hyland440). Accuracy attributes to vagueness in some contexts, businessmen use vague terms to seek accuracy of expressions in business English letters. For instance:
(1) “in general” our payment terms are by irrevocable letter of credit at sight and we do not accept D/P term.
“In general” is used to quality the validity of the state of affairs expressed in the message. The humble example indicates that the vague expression “in general” weakens the force of certainty, thus it guards against possible refutation and enhances the accuracy of expression, as they suggest the objectivity in conveying the sense that the information may be held to be true. So, the businessman ensures that the information he provides only represents his own opinion, but not others’ opinion. Whether the information is true or not is unclear due to the use of “in general”.
(2) The responsibility for the losses many rest with the shipping company and we suggest you yourself make the claim for compensation.
“May” expresses the tone of inference, but not clearly how deeply the possibility is. The addresser describes his view objectively and shirks his responsibility of the losses. The tone of “suggest” is so relaxed that other sides feel available easily. Instead of saying absolutely, the businessmen use vague expressions to make the sentence more accurate. Therefore, we can see that vague language is commonly adopted when posting developing trends or predicting future situations in order to avoid absoluteness.
2.Enhancing the Flexibility of Language Expressions and Achieving the Self-protection
According to Channel, the speakers try to have self-protection, namely, the speakers use vague language in order to avoid being considered to offer wrong information to others in the future. In the special situation, when the replies to some questions are beyond your authority or it is the improper time to answer these questions, the use of vague language may be considered as a good choice because it can offer you a relatively flexible space to move back and fro. For example:
(1) Should your price be found competitive and delivery date acceptable, we intend to place a large order with you. (Yi Xiaoying, 45)
The vague words “competitive”, “acceptable” and “a large” have not been definite meaning which gives certain freedom for the addresser in the business exchange. The purpose is to let the addressee interpret messages the way he wants to and then give the addresser the leeway for further change according to the market fluctuation.
(2) At present we are interested in your cosmetics, details as per our Enquiry Note No.1345 attached, and shall be glad to receive your lowest quotation as soon as possible.(Yi Xiaoying,50)
The vague expression "as soon as possible" serves as stalling tactics, although the board's opinion to promises to accept the addresser's lowest quotation, which quotation is the lowest is unclear. So the result of the disposal can be manipulated flexibly by the addressee according to actual situation.
From the above examples, we can see that the businessmen may have flexible manipulation through vague language. At the same time, the tone sounds sincere when use vague language and the vague language will enhance the cooperation between the two parties.
3.Deliberately Withholding Information, Promoting the Trade Cooperation
Vague language makes the expressions more measured and tactful, especially some sensitive items, such as both sides' benefit. Concealing the true situation, avoiding conflicts and expressing your own ideas are the functions of vague language. Based on the politeness and cooperation principles, the addresser not only maintain his benefit but also consider other sides' feeling fully in order that both sides keep their trade relationship just like the usual. For example:
We should revert to the question of sole agency when the business between us has developed to our mutual satisfaction.
From the above example, it seems that the addresser is positive and cooperated, but "mutual satisfaction" actually withholds negative information, namely, the addresser refuses other sides' demand of "sole agency". This vague expression makes the addresser understanding the withholding information easy, additionally, it is very kindly to protect other sides' face from being threatened and maintain the cooperative relationship.
As we all know, the businessmen often do their best to deliberately withhold information in actual business transactions. Particularly, it is unchangeable when the price of the goods is given to the customer. So, the businessman answers the customers' inquiries with vague words, especially the price. Vague language give both the businessmen an opportunity to change the price is easy to be changed so that customers can make right response to the price.
4.Indicating You-attitude, Expressing Business Cultivation
Courtesy and amicability is known as the general principles that business writing must consider, so it is necessary to use vague language because that is one of the best ways to express politeness. Simultaneously, the appropriation of use of vague language is also one of the standards to balance the professional character of the members of a company and improve the image of the company into the public. For instance:
(1) I'm afraid that the proposal you put forward isn't up too much.
The addresser expresses his disagreement through the vague and negative words, avoiding cruelly say" I do not agree with your proposal." and leave well impression on the addressee. There is no doubt that this proper letter makes the best and fake advertisement for the company.
According to the above analysis, we can see that proper use of vague language can fully indicate you-attitude that requires dealing with business from other sides' standpoint and satisfy other sides’ needs. Therefore, vague language plays a significant role in indicating you-attitude which will enhance the cooperation between both sides and give a positive impression of your company to the addresser.
(二) Negative Functions Vague Language in Business English Letters
Vague language, just like everything has two antagonistic sides, is not always positive. There is a negative effect in business English letters in some contexts. So the addressee may not be able to distinguish the true or false messages, and then cause difficulty. For example:
(1) As to the steamers sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services.
Vague word “bimonthly” is unclear, so what is “bimonthly” means? It means twice a month or once two months. Obviously, the expression has two meaning which will cause troubles to the addressee. It should interpret clearly:
a. We have two direct sailings every month from Hong Kong to San Francisco.
b. We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco.
c. We have a direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco every two months.
The principle of concreteness in the business English writing demands the message specific, definite and vivid. Especially some letters require clear-cut response or reply the questions which other sides mention, offers, acceptances and so on. It will reduce the social efficiency when you use the vague language in the place where they need concretive expressions. For example:
(2) The Fareast Co. is one of our big buyers.
It is not detailed to reply the trade data of company, because "one of big buyers" is not specific, we don't know how big it is, so it is better amend it as follow:
The Fareast Co. placed U.S. $200,000,000.00 worth of business with us last year.
From the example above, we can see that under some circumstances, vague language does not give the addresser an edge in business communication, however, it may lead to trouble for the parties involved. Therefore, we should use vague language in business English letters which can help the addresser realize some communicative purposes or make the communication going smoothly and avoiding the negative functions of vague language.
(三) Some Suggests
Through analysis of above, it is proposed that there are two functions of vague language: the positive functions and the negative functions in business English letters. The positive functions may be helpful for further cooperation, but the negative functions will cause misunderstanding or cheating. Therefore, we should do great effort to make the positive functions and avoid the negative functions when adopting vague language. Generally speaking, the vague expressions in the business English letters often appear in the following two situations:
(1) Refusing gently and Leave a way out
There is an example: What you mentioned in your letter in connection with the question of agency has had our attention and we shall give this matter careful consideration and shall revert to it later on.
“Has had our attention” and “shall give this matter careful consideration” are not expressed clear details and attitude. It seems that the addresser has not agreement but also not refusing which make the other side confused. “Revert to it later on” is vague; too, because it holds another meaning, there is no opportunity to talk in the near future. Another is that this expression considers other sides’ feelings and the ability of acceptances fully, and then maintains the business English relationship of both sides.
(2) Unwilling to interpret the details and self-protection.
This situation exists in some contexts. For example:
If the Supplier fails to commence the work necessary to remedy such defect or any damage to the Equipment caused by such defect within a reasonable time, the Buyer may carry out such work in a reasonable manner, and the reasonable direct costs incurred by the Buyer in connection there will shall be paid to the Buyer by the Supplier, providing that the labor costs included in such costs shall be calculated based on the local costs incurred in the country in which the contract plant is to be constructed.
There are three vague words in the above example. How long is “within a reasonable time”? What way is “in a reasonable manner”? How much is “the reasonable direct costs”? All these have not specification, but the application of vague language used at this moment is appropriate avoiding speaking absolutely and trapping in passive situation.
From the above-mentioned example, we can see that use of vague language should control in a degree, or it will not gain the predicting result. So the addresser will advance and retreat freely when he masters the degree of using vague language, at the same time, it will not break out the trade relationship of both sides.
五、 Conclusion
In this paper, the study on when and why people use vague language in business English letters. Many examples are used in this paper to explore the situations of vague language in several of business English letters and its positive and negative functions. As a result, the analysis on this paper aims to help people realize and understand how to use vague language as a strategy to meet their communicative intentions. The functions of vague language in business English letters can cause people’s attention to use it in actual situations.
Although this study has been done mainly on English data, there are some questions about what situations in verbal business communication. People may also do some effort on this item. We can sure that people will discover the importance of vague language in business letters.
Reference
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商務英語函電是對外商務交流的主要途徑之一。它是函電發出者編碼和接受者解碼的過程。順利編碼和解碼的過程就是利用函電交際的過程。但是由于交際雙方的文化背景不同、社會環境背景各異、思維方式和交際方式有別,產生誤解在所難免,但同時交際又是一個動態的、系統的過程。因此,揭示并掌握商務英語函電的特點及其翻譯技巧,對于提高學生的業務水平、培養跨文化交際能力、順利達成交易是極為關鍵的。本文在分析商務英語函電的基礎上,對奈達的動態等值翻譯觀及其在商務英語函電中的應用進行研究。
商務英語函電的特點
商務函電不同于普通交流性手段,特點鮮明,按照傳統的說法遵循七條原則(分別是體貼、完整、準確、具體、簡潔、清楚、禮貌),其目的是維持良好的業務關系、進行有效的交流和進行正常的商務往來。其核心為效率,經濟性與簡潔性為效率的具體表現。二者的根本在于高效經濟和達意清晰,效率是目的,內容是載體,二者相輔相成,缺一不可。
(一)文體特點
奈達的動態等值理論強調:在信息重組整合的過程中應考慮話語的結構,尤其是文體。他將文體分為5類,既專業文體、正式文體、非正式文體、隨意文體、親密文體。按照他的分類,商務函電由于涉及進出口業務,且同銀行、海關、運輸、法律等專業知識有著密不可分的聯系,可以基本歸于專業文體或者正式文體。
(二)語言特點
商務函電其中的三個原則“準確、簡潔、清楚”都是對語言方面的要求,“體貼、禮貌”則是針對態度和角度方面的要求。“完整”是對格式的要求,而“具體”則是對整封函電內容的整體要求,是要求避免大而無當的詞句,內容不能偏離要表達的中心。商務函電不僅涉及獨特的專業背景,而且涉及實際商務工作技能,其語言特點可以歸納為兩條:商務函電涉及面涵蓋了貿易、金融、外匯、海關、商檢等諸多領域,顯示出多種行業特色,因此,語言的選擇性很強;商務人員的思維模式具體、審慎,講究語言表達的分寸。具體體現在表達直截了當、簡潔明快、淡于修飾。用詞規范、語法結構嚴謹、句子排列一般固定有序。語篇連貫、邏輯性強。
(三)翻譯特點
商務函電翻譯比較偏重于“實用效果”,其主要功能是準確傳遞經濟信息,而不是為了取得美學效應和欣賞效果;根據不同的目的,采用不同的手段處理不同的內容;比較程式化,內容不允許出錯。因而,譯者一方面需要懂得、熟悉專業的行話、術語,翻譯時意義忠實且術語精確;另一方面要盡可能地用對等的語言,將相關的信息更為精練準確地表達出來。由于商務函電涉及英、漢語言的翻譯與運用,且函電又有其語言、語法、句子結構等方面的特殊性,加上中西方文化差異等原因,這就決定了在商務函電翻譯中不可能是絕對的對等,而是相對和動態對等。因此,動態等值理論在商務函電翻譯中起著重要的作用。
奈達的動態等值翻譯觀
美國的語言學家兼翻譯家尤金?奈達博士(Dr. Eugene A. Nida) 的動態等值理論(Dynamic Equivalence)被許多國內學者推崇為評判譯文好壞的標準以及翻譯所追求的最終目標。他在1964年發表的《翻譯科學初探》中提出了“動態對等”的翻譯標準,指出“譯文的接受者和譯文信息之間的關系,應該與原文接受者和原文信息之間的關系基本相同”。翻譯等值理論中的“等值”,即是要求譯入語(Target language)與譯出語(Source language)的值相等,使譯文在讀者中產生原文作者通過其作品想要達到的效果和作用,從而使譯文讀者在通過閱讀譯文后,能得到與原文讀者大致相同的感受。奈達強調的是一種“動態”的對等,強調語言信息在交際轉換過程中的動態對等,而不是簡單的、靜止的、形式上的對等。這就是“動態等值翻譯”的主要原則。
動態等值理論在商務英語函電翻譯中的應用
商務函電用詞、句子結構及語篇結構方面有其不同于其他語體的顯著特點。在漢譯時,應酌情按動態等值理論對原文進行翻譯,再現原文詞、句的風貌,使譯文受眾與原文受眾達到了同樣的理解。現就函電語言的特殊性及如何在翻譯時運用動態等值理論進行闡述。
(一)詞語方面
選詞方面不刻意追求華麗的詞藻,而盡可能地選用正規、莊重或表現力強的專業詞語。在漢譯時,要根據英、漢兩種語言的文字特點加以妥善處理,不必要對等地對重復詞進行重復翻譯,而應該采取動態對等,遵循習慣譯法,用行話譯行話,術語譯術語等對等方法。
如:信函中Dear sirs不譯“親愛的先生們”而譯“(執事)先生”或“徑啟者”,而商號中“&”符號一般不譯。如Nippon Telegraph& Telephone譯為“日本電報電話”;please don't hesitate to…譯為“盡可以…、務請…”等。
另外,在商務函電中詞的重復和省略現象較為常見。當出現一些關鍵性的詞時經常會采用同義詞連用的現象。如:The packing and wrapping expenses should be borne by the buyer.包裝費應由買方負擔。句中packing 和wrapping同義,意為“包裝”,在原文中重復使用,為確保所用詞不被曲解。然而翻譯時根據動態等值理論只譯成“包裝”一詞即可。
再次,用詞要準、注意多義。如The product will find a good market in New York.“此產品在紐約將有很好的銷路”。Chinese toy products are very popular in Europe. We would like to work with you to market them in Canada. “中國的玩具產品在歐洲很受歡迎,我們愿同你方合作在加拿大銷售”。從以上二例中,market既有市場、銷路,又有營銷、出售之意。翻譯時要根據上下文忠實準確譯出原文,仔細推敲避免誤解。
(二)句子方面
1.句子表達固定。為表達明確,商務英語函電在實踐中已形成了固定套語:商務函電首段首句,常見套語有:Thank you for your letter of; we are in receipt of your letter of等。如We thank you for your letter of 18th February and confirm our cable of today's date, which reads as follows.(茲復貴方2月18日來信并確認我方今日發出的電報,電文如下)。翻譯時使用等值翻譯,譯成“X月X日來函收悉,不勝感謝,茲復函如下”。
一、商務英語函電與對外貿易的概括
1.商務英語函電
在國際商務合作過程中,最為實用與常用的一門語言即英語,借助商務英語函電,能夠提升信息傳遞的速度,由于其自身具備一定的廣泛性,并主要是借助英語的模式進行溝通,因此將其稱之為商務英語。在經濟全球化的時代背景下,商務英語得以形成,但是,它不同于以往人們所應用的語言。商務英語具有一定的專業性、準確性。商務英語函電,是將對外貿易理論知識作為基礎,進而幫助人們展開商業活動,是在展開對外貿易活動時,以書面形式進行溝通的一項交流方式。在進入21世紀后,英語商務函電打破了以往單一的形式,不再局限于紙質形式的信函,而是逐漸以電子郵件的形式作為主要的溝通方式。在外貿活動中,商務英語函電主要體現在信息的交流與活動的交易,并能夠通過這種交流方式進行感情聯絡。在商務英語中涉及的內容主要有:商務談判、簽訂合同、采購產品、合同糾紛等。在商務英語函電中,主要包括答復函與請求函。
2.對外貿易
對外貿易,是國家與國家之間展開的一項貿易活動,主要包括貨物、勞務與技術之間的交流。在開展對外貿易的過程中,不僅能夠使得發達國家與發達國家進行友好往來,還能夠充分帶動落后國家的經濟,將相對落后國家的經濟得以帶動,進而在這些國家中充分發揮商品交換所具備的價值,以此來促進經濟全球化的發展。對外貿易活動,還能夠讓各個國家地區的經濟參與到國際分工中,在節約社會勞務的同時,還能夠更好地利用國家與國際中的資源優勢,促進了社會的擴大再生產,進而保證社會再生產的穩步運行。結合當下貿易運輸情況來看,主要的運輸方式有陸運、海運、空運等,結合不同的交易對象來看,主要的交易方式有直接型、間接型與轉口型。
二、商務英語函電的主要特征
1.涉及到大量的專業詞匯
商務英語被廣泛地應用于諸多行業與領域,因此,在使用的過程中,必然會涉及到大量的專業詞匯,然而這些詞匯都是普通英語中所不涉及的范圍。在經濟的發展與推動下,商務英語函電被廣泛地應用于對外貿易中,其專業的英語詞匯量不但沒有減少,而是一直以增長的態勢在被人們應用。商務英語函電中專業英語詞匯量大是其中最為顯著的一項特點,這讓學習者與使用者在進行商務談判與交流的過程中帶來了一定的困難。
2.縮寫詞使用頻繁
商務英語在對外貿易中作為一項具有工作性質的語言工具,在信息的溝通與傳遞過程中會在很大程度上提升工作效率。然而在此過程中,最能夠體現工作效率的一項特點即縮寫詞的頻繁使用。縮寫詞是在對外貿易的工作中,經常出現的固定句型或者是將其詞組進行縮寫,借助這種方式,不僅能夠在書寫與口頭表達上具有顯著的優勢,還能夠將英語這門語言商務化的特點得以充分體現,滿足對外貿易中的英語環境。例如,固定資產分組折舊法:assetdepreciationrangesystem,即ADRS;自動取款機(柜員機):AutomaticTellerMachine,即ATM;國際清算銀行:BankofInternationalSettlements即BIS;建造-運營-擁有-維護:build-operate-own-maintain即BOOM。這些表達方式都是在商務英語與商務英語函電中最為常用的英語縮寫詞匯。
3.文化內涵豐富
商務英語函電在對外貿易中,被不同國家、不同民族與不同文化背景的人在使用,這使得商務英語具備豐富的文化特色。例如,有的國家在應用商務英語的過程中主要是借助廣告體,具有一定的簡潔性;有的國家則是借助公文體,這是一項非常正式、嚴謹的形式。然而,這些形式的出現,在很大程度上都能夠體現背后所蘊含的文化特征。在應用商務英語的過程中,結合不同的發展情況與文化發展背景來應用商務英語。在此過程中,不僅要實現良好的商務合作,還要建立友好的情況交流,最大限度地滿足對方的需求,并恰當地利用商務英語與商務英語函電,以此發揮商務英語函電在對外貿易中的現實價值。
三、商務英語函電在對外貿易中的作用
1.有效地降低投入成本
在以往的對外貿易中,投入成本占據較高的比重,導致國內的諸多企業承受著巨大的壓力,不得不將國際貿易往來轉入至國內。根據相關信息情況來看,借助商務英語函電,不僅能夠有效地節約對外貿易過程中所花費的時間,還能夠在最大限度上降低投入成本。商務英語函電在企業成本中發揮著重要的作用,利用商務英語函電能夠使雙方在最短的時間內明確彼此所要表達的內容,促進溝通的同時,還能夠增加合作的機會。借助商務英語函電,合作雙方對產品的價格能夠進行更好的協商與表達。
2.提升工作效率
基于商務英語函電,雙方借助相對規范的電子檔與票據等,將所要傳輸的內容以電子文件的方式進行接收與傳輸,這樣不僅能夠提升對外貿易活動中的工作成效,還能夠合理地掌握商機,確保合同與相關憑證的準確性。使得雙方在審查過程中變得更加便捷,并提升了彼此的合作質量與工作效率。基于以往的對外貿易方式,雙方展開合作討論之前,需要派遣專業的人才進行面對面的溝通,長此以往,不僅會花費大量的人力與物力,還會浪費諸多時間,嚴重制約了合作的質量。但是商務英語函電的出現,合作雙方能夠借助互聯網直接進行合作,并在網上實現通信,在相對自由的平臺下展開交流,不僅節省了人力與物力,還能夠保證工作效率,進而依據市場的實時動態進行合理的調整,使得合作雙方的利益得以充分體現。
四、商務英語函電在對外貿易中的應用策略
1.準確翻譯
通過上文敘述可知,商務英語函電中會涉及到大量的縮寫詞與專業詞,在使用的過程中,很容易出現翻譯錯誤或者是理解錯誤,這會嚴重影響合作雙方溝通與交流。因此,在使用商務英語函電的過程中,若想提升整體應用質量,勢必要進行準確的理解與翻譯,翻譯者在應用的過程中,要合理地把握商務英語函電在對外貿易中使用的專業性與準確性,掌握好信息傳遞的契合度,只有確保信息傳遞的精準性,才能夠保證對外貿易工作的順利開展。例如,在翻譯“要求優惠”的一段資料中:“我們能建議貴方對所報價格打些折扣嗎?由于目前的市場不那么景氣,如果貴方需要我方增加銷售量的話,就必須降價。法國生產的砂糖一直以每噸98美元銷售的,如果貴方能降價的話,比如說8%,我們也許能達成交易。”翻譯者在翻譯的過程中,要進行合理的翻譯,通過見解、明了的表達方式,使得對方能夠清楚地明確本方的想法。Maywesuggestthatyoucouldperhapsmakesomeal-lowanceonyourquotedprices?Sincethepresentmarketissoweak,you'llhavetoloweryourpriceifyouwantustoincreasesales.ThesugarofFrenchmakehasbeensoldatthelevelof$98perlongton.Ifyoucanreduceyourlimitby,say8%,wemightcometoterms.在商務談判中,盡量采用一些較為婉轉的語言表達方式,這樣不僅能夠提升合作方對自身的印象,還能夠容易被合作方所接受。借助委婉的表達形式,合作對方能夠感受到被尊重的感覺,進而能夠促成合作。
2.掌握商務英語函電的應用技巧
商務英語函電的本質依舊是一門語言,在使用過程中,要掌握其應用技巧,諸多相對成功的對外貿易合作中,如果能夠充分掌握商務英語函電的應用技巧,不僅能夠為合作對方留下較為深刻與專業的印象,還能夠使對方明確地了解自身所要表達的意愿,進而實現商務合作。因此,若想使對方明確理解本方所要表達的內容,在英語商務英語函電的過程中,要注重表達方式的合理性。例如在介紹產品時,要確保內容的精準性。在翻譯“我們生產的計算機其特點是質量好、體積小、節能,而且易學好用。一旦使用該機器,你們將會增產30%,而且一個人可以頂3個人使用。這些機器由于機械的構造簡單,所以很少有故障,易于保養。”即“Thismodeloftypewriterisefficientanddurable,eco-nomicalandpracticalformiddleschoolstudents.Youwillgeta30%increaseinproductionuponusingthismachineandalsoitallowsonepersontoperformthetasksofthreepeople.Thesemachineshavefewbreakdownsandareeasytomaintainbe-causeoftheirsimplemechanicalstructure.”通過這種言簡意賅的翻譯方式,對方能夠清楚地理解本公司產品的特點與優勢。
3.發揮媒介的作用
一、問題和分析
(一)商務英語漢譯中存在的問題
商務英語翻譯課程是高職高專英語專業外貿和商務方向的核心課程之一。“當今世界經濟日益全球化,社會需要的人才是既懂英語又通曉商務知識的復合型應用人才,而商務英語翻譯作為溝通中外經濟、文化等的手段,其重要性更是不言而喻”[1]。
名詞化在商務英語中大量運用,體現了商務英語的文體特點。但是由于商務英語中的名詞化漢譯難度較大,造成商務英語中文譯文生硬、難懂,很難體現原文的文體特征。
(二)問題分析
在我國,各個領域的專家學者對翻譯標準的探討從來沒有間斷過。近代嚴復的“信、達、雅”標準,現代魯迅的“力求易解”、“保存原作的風姿”標準,茅盾的“藝術創造性翻譯”標準及傅雷的“神似”、錢鐘書的“化境”等標準,都對翻譯界產生過強烈的影響。在各種翻譯的標準和原則中,嚴復提出的“信、達、雅”最為廣為人知。
在商務英語翻譯的過程中譯者應該做到對譯本的信、達,即忠實、準確和通順。由于商務英語文本往往比較正式,修辭等也有約定俗成的表達,因此“雅”不作為商務英語翻譯原則和標準的必需要求,除了一些特殊文本,如廣告英語外,其他的文本翻譯能雅則雅。
商務英語翻譯中可以運用泰特勒的“翻譯三原則”:第一,譯作應完全復寫出原作的思想;第二,譯作的風格和手法應和原作屬同一性質;第三,譯作應具備原作所具有的通順作為指導標準。商務英語專業性強、邏輯嚴密、表達要求簡練。由于具有格式化、規范性的語言特點要求,商務英語的翻譯自然不能像文學作品如詩歌等的翻譯一樣優美。
忠實原則要求,譯文在意義和風格方面要忠實于原文,把原文完整而準確地表達出來,不隨意進行改動、歪曲和增減;而通順原則則要求譯文通順易懂,流暢自然,符合漢語的表達習慣,沒有逐詞死譯、硬譯的現象。“忠實和通順相輔相成。忠實而不通順,讀者看不懂,也談不上忠實;通順而不忠實,脫離了原作的內容和風格,通順也失去了作用,使譯文成了杜撰或亂譯”[2]。
商務英語中名詞化的漢譯是商務英語翻譯的難點之一,對于實現譯文商務英語的文體特征和通順意義重大。翻譯是一種跨語言跨文化的信息與情感的交流過程,商務英語翻譯是商務知識和英語翻譯的綜合,因而具有獨特性。了解商務英語語言特點是進行商務英語翻譯的前提。
二、商務英語中的名詞化漢譯
(一)商務英語文體特點
商務英語是商務文化群體有的一種英語,是現代英語的一種功能變體,主要表現在用詞選擇、句子結構和篇章的構建等方面。商務英語有別于通用英語和科技英語,其差別主要體現在詞語、句法和語篇等方面,具有很強的文體特征[3]。
商務英語是為國際商務活動這一特定的專業學科服務的專門用途英語,所涉及的專業范圍很廣,并具有獨特的語言現象和表現內容、文體復雜。
大量使用名詞是英語這種語言的一個重要標志。英語中的名詞數量龐大、搭配靈活、應用普遍,既可以像動詞一樣表現動作,又可以像形容詞一樣反映特征。英語大量使用名詞的文本往往文體色彩突出,如各類政府文件、銀行條款、商務合同、正式信函等[4]。
商務英語中存在大量的名詞化現象,這是英語正式語體最顯著的特征之一,是英語書面語篇的共同的非標記形式。馬丁認為高層次的名詞化是抽象的書面英語的特征,特別是出現在科技、商務和政府部門的語篇中。[5]
名詞化是從其他詞類變為名詞的過程,特別是動詞和形容詞,其結果是將過程或特征等進行“事物化”、“固化”或“靜態化”處理。與英語的抽象思維相比,漢語重形象思維。
這種中西方文化和思維的差異是商務英語難以翻譯的深層次原因。
(二)商務英語中名詞化漢譯的詞性轉換
在商務英語英漢翻譯中,兩種語言在詞匯和語法結構方面有許多不同,如果把眼光盯著原文的詞語和語句結構這些屬于語言層次的東西,翻譯出來的只是一種文字層次的轉換,徒具其形,原文的內容和意義不可能得到很好的表達。
英語和漢語分屬不同的語系,表達方式、用詞習慣存在很大的差異,翻譯時不可能做到百分之百地保留原文詞類,翻譯中總是以名詞譯名詞、動詞譯動詞詞性對應不僅不可能,反而極為有害。多數情況下需要轉換才能譯得通順、自然。商務英語翻譯也是如此,該轉換的地方不轉換,譯文讀起來就會感到生硬別扭。作為一種譯詞技巧,詞類轉換往往具有牽一發而動全身之功效。
1.商務英語中名詞化漢譯為動詞
研究表明:英語名詞在詞匯中占有絕對優勢,常用名詞來表達漢語中用動詞表達的概念(如抽象的行為名詞),而且動詞的兼類情況非常明顯,加之英語有詞形變化,許多動詞詞尾加上后綴,如-ment,-tion,-ance,-er,-or等,即可變成名詞。相反,漢語卻以動詞占優勢,而且一個句子不限于用一個動詞,可以幾個動詞連用。因此,商務英語英譯漢時許多名詞化表達可譯成漢語的動詞,特別是商務英語中具有抽象動作意義的名詞化漢譯時常譯成動詞。如:Before the payment of these tariffs,the imported goods will be in the custody of the customs.(交關稅前,進口貨物由海關保管。)
由于語法限制,只有用名詞形式,但譯成漢語時payment譯作“交”,用動詞替代商務英語中具有動詞意義的名詞。在許多場合下,介詞短語中的名詞化可以轉譯成動詞,需要依據上下文進行引申,具體地進行翻譯。
2.商務英語中名詞化轉譯為形容詞
商務英語中大量表示特征的形容詞用名詞化表達,使得表達更加客觀和正式,在譯為中文時應當轉譯為形容詞。如:The moderate price coupled with the superiority of our goods will surely induce you to pass our orders.(我們貨物的公道價格和品質的優良性一定會使貴方向我們訂購。)
此句中“superiority”這個名詞本應轉換詞性卻未轉換,而是把它機械地套搬在譯文中,結果不僅這個詞組譯得生硬,而且影響到對全句結構的靈活處理。
如果將其轉換為形容詞,譯作“品質優良”,再考慮其他成分的處理,譬如為之結構相匹配,可把“moderate price”該譯為“價格公道”,整個句子再相應做些變動,譯作:由于貨物價格公道,品質優良,相信貴公司必樂于向我們求購。譯文既通順自然,表意又更加清楚。
3.商務英語中名詞化轉譯為副詞
有些意義抽象的名詞或名詞短語與句子其他成分之間存在一定的邏輯關系,可以根據其意義轉譯成漢語副詞。如:For the time being,therefore,we regret our inability to accept D/A terms in all transactions with our buyers abroad.(因此,我們很抱歉與國外客戶的一切交易中,時下無法接受以承兌交單的方式付款。)
通過這種轉譯,譯文符合中文的表達習慣,更加通順,同時也體現了商務英語簡潔的語言特點。
4.商務英語中名詞化轉譯為小句
由于中英文句型的差異,特別是商務英語多用雅式英語的特點,可以對一些商務英語名詞化采用分句法進行處理,轉譯為名詞從句、定語從句或狀語從句。分句法就是把原文中的一個單詞或短語譯成句子,使原文的句子分譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。如:Both parties are supposed to implement the obligations of the contract,a universally accepted principle.(雙方應該履行合同所規定的義務,這是一條普遍公認的法則。)
通過分句法原來商務英語中一些被壓縮的意思解放出來,凸現了中西方語言句型特點的差異。
三、結語
商務英語翻譯不能拘泥于形式,在保證原文的信息量最大限度地傳遞到譯文中的前提下,翻譯者可以靈活運用譯入語,以實現語義信息、風格信息和文體信息的最大程度的對等。
商務英語漢譯過程中,詞類轉譯是一種極為普遍的現象。以上只是商務英語翻譯實踐中詞類轉換的一部分,翻譯是一項創造性勞動,它不僅要求譯文的忠實與原作,更需要靈活地運用翻譯理論和技巧,適當地進行詞類轉化,使譯文符合本族語言規范,流暢通順,傳情達意。
參考文獻:
[1]孫廣平.經濟一體化環境下的商務英語翻譯教學[J].黑龍江高教研究,2008:7.
[2]黃敏.翻譯標準與譯文質量[J].湖南師范大學社會科學學報,1994(4):115-118.
中圖分類號: H315.9 文獻標識碼: A 文章編號:1672-1578(2012)06-0041-02
隨著當今中外交際和交流活動的日益頻繁,翻譯的重要性日顯突出。在這其中,對經貿、商務類文本的翻譯需求量大,而同時隨著新詞匯的涌入,給翻譯工作者帶來了不小的挑戰。要想將這些文本翻譯通順與妥帖,除了要求翻譯工作者有扎實的語言功底外,還要注意翻譯的方式方法,因為幾乎所有的外來詞語都有個回譯問題。
所謂回譯(back translation),是指將一種語言譯成另外一種語言之后,再把譯文譯回到前一種語言。那么,對于回譯現象,譯者應采取怎樣的策略才能較好傳達原文意義,又能使譯入語讀者較好接受呢?說穿了,無非是注意積累及勤查資料二法。以下筆者分別將需回譯的詞或詞組分類,并以實例為證,談談幾類詞匯的回譯問題。
1 回譯中的特殊類型—專有名詞的回譯
這類詞包括人名、地名、企業名稱、商標、機構名稱等。在翻譯專有名詞時,一定要謹慎對待,它的特點是具有明確的規定性,排斥任何的描述性,表現形式須是原封不動的“還原”,容不得任何走樣。道理很簡單,任何的改動都將改變原文所指,最終導致的結果必然是譯文與原義背離,造成種種誤解。試看一例:發行招股書時,法律規定必須宣布有關公司的重要信息。對于“重要信息”的翻譯,恐怕不少人會第一時間想到important information,但此處只能使用material fact, 原因就在于此詞在英文中已有約定并俗成,譯者只能且必須遵循。
對于英語中已有的內容,當然要完全照搬,不得作任何更改。實在查證不到的,可先自行翻譯,再加腳注以詳細說明。關鍵在于不得馬虎,隨便應付。人名孟子,英譯為Mencius,但回譯時千萬不能譯成孟休斯,還是只能回譯成孟子,不然都讀者不知道說的是誰。地名盧溝橋,可有兩種翻譯:Marco Polo Bridge或Lugou Bridge任選其一即可,也不可別出心裁另謀新譯。
對于商務英語類文本中最常出現的企業、機構及商標名稱則更需小心,若弄錯一個詞可能就使得所指相差甚遠,或引起合同糾紛、作廢等嚴重后果。以下僅舉一個涉及企業名稱的例子—美國施貴寶制藥公司。首先,對于“施貴寶”這個企業名不能采用漢語拼音形式音譯成Shuiguibao,譯者只需查閱相關資料即可得知此名稱應譯為Squibb,但其實此名稱前還有兩個縮寫字母E. R. ,故正確的譯法為E. R. Squibb。其次,對于“制藥公司”的處理上,有不少譯者可能會傾向于譯成pharmaceutical company,其實不然,該公司除了核心的制藥業務外,還經營著醫療保健業務,包括:以嬰幼兒配方奶粉聞名, 在嬰幼兒營養方面始終居于世界領先地位的美贊臣(Mead Johnson)公司;以及提供造口和創傷治療產品的康復寶(ConvaTec)公司。由此可看出該公司的業務范圍較廣泛,僅一個pharmaceutical company顯然不足以涵蓋其所有產品線,故在翻譯時應舍棄中文的“制藥”二字,翻譯成E. R. Squibb Co., U.S.A.,相當于翻譯成了“美國施貴寶公司”,只有這樣的譯名才是唯一正確的。
可惜大公司的資料較容易查到,有時原文提到的公司規模很小,根本查不到資料該怎么辦?這就涉及到筆者之前提到的—實在查證不到的,可先自行翻譯,再加腳注以詳細說明。另外不得不提的是目前有一種趨勢,即在翻譯流通的軟件名稱、術語、公司或商標名稱時采用原文形式或雙語并列,這樣做雖為讀者設置了一定的語言障礙,卻十分有利于消除誤譯、誤解,故得到了越來越多譯者的肯定和采納。
除專有名詞外,翻譯時其他詞類的回譯問題也值得引起重視。以下筆者再將其翻譯分成兩類并分別探討其翻譯策略:
2 漢英詞義基本一致情況下的翻譯
這種情況處理起來最簡單,直譯即可,有時甚至連詞組內詞的順序都不用做調整。如“廠商建議零售價”可譯為manufacturer''s recommended prices;“補償貿易”譯作compensation trading;又如"獵頭公司"(指通過特別的方法發現或向用人單位介紹人才并鼓動其跳槽的企業)即為Head Hunter。“”為the Cultural Revolution(P11, The Economist, August 21st, 2004);黃金周譯作Golden Week(P69, The Economist, June 19th, 2004)等等。
但這種情況畢竟較少,相當多時候還是需要譯者在翻譯時注意轉換詞義甚至徹底拋棄中文字面意義而選擇深層意義對應的譯品。
3 漢英詞義有差異情況下的翻譯
3.1歸化策略